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Internet

Protocal

protocol ≈ format + order

abbr.

RFC(互联网文件系列): Request for Comments IETF(标准的制定者): Internet Engineering Task Force TP: twisted pair 双绞线 TTL:time to live 一个整数,最多能经过的跳数。(每经过一跳,该值减一)

Network Edges(host)

  1. end systems
  2. access network(机构网络、家庭网络)
  3. links(media:光纤 etc)

Network Core(router)

  1. packet switch(包交换,线路不定 store&forward)
  2. circuit switch(路线固定)
  3. network structure

between edge and core: edge router

Delay

  1. transportation delay
  2. prop delay

Layers

LayerComputer
Applicationprocess
TransportTCP/UDP system kernel module
NetworkIP system kernel module
Linkdriver + Network Interface Card
PhysicalNetwork Interface Card

transmission rate

aka link capacity, link bandwidth

指网卡将信息转换为物理信号的速率,将信息转化为01001物理信号的速率。一般是理论值。

一个链路层如下:

Network InterfaceLinkNetwork Interface2

网卡会先在链路层上协商,使得双方的传输速率一致。

throuhgout

吞吐量:单位时间内实际流过网络链路的数据量

Service Model

client-server